Parashat Shoftim

Observe the month^amonth Cf. Exod. 13.4; 23.15; 34.18. of Abib and offer a passover sacrifice to the ETERNAL your God, for it was in the month^bmonth See previous note. of Abib, at night, that the ETERNAL your God freed you from Egypt.
You shall slaughter the passover sacrifice for the ETERNAL your God, from the flock and the herd, in the place where GOD will choose to establish the divine name.
You shall not eat anything leavened with it; for seven days thereafter^cthereafter Lit. “upon it.” you shall eat unleavened bread, bread of distress—for you departed from the land of Egypt hurriedly—so that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt as long as you live.
For seven days no leaven shall be found with you in all your territory, and none of the flesh of what you slaughter on the evening of the first day shall be left until morning.
You are not permitted to slaughter the passover sacrifice in any of the settlements that the ETERNAL your God is giving you;
but at the place where the ETERNAL your God will choose to establish the divine name, there alone shall you slaughter the passover sacrifice, in the evening, at sundown, the time of day when you departed from Egypt.
You shall cook and eat it at the place that the ETERNAL your God will choose; and in the morning you may start back on your journey home.
After eating unleavened bread six days, you shall hold a solemn gathering^dsolemn gathering Precise meaning of Heb. ʻaṣereth uncertain. Cf. Lev. 23.36; Num. 29.35. for the ETERNAL your God on the seventh day: you shall do no work.
You shall count off seven weeks; start to count the seven weeks when the sickle is first put to the standing grain.
Then you shall observe the Feast of Weeks for the ETERNAL your God, offering your freewill contribution according as the ETERNAL your God has blessed you.
You^eYou See note at 12.5. shall rejoice before the ETERNAL your God with your son and daughter, your male and female slave, the Levite^fthe Levite See the second note at 12.12. in your communities, and the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow in your midst, at the place where the ETERNAL your God will choose to establish the divine name.
Bear in mind that you were slaves in Egypt, and take care to obey these laws.
After the ingathering from your threshing floor and your vat, you shall hold the Feast of Booths for seven days.
You^gYou See note at 12.5. shall rejoice in your festival, with your son and daughter, your male and female slave, the Levite,^hthe Levite See the second note at 12.12. the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow in your communities.
You shall hold a festival for the ETERNAL your God seven days, in the place that GOD will choose; for the ETERNAL your God will bless allⁱall Lit. “you in all.” your crops and all your undertakings, and you shall have nothing but joy.
Three times a year—on the Feast of Unleavened Bread, on the Feast of Weeks, and on the Feast of Booths—all your males shall appear before the ETERNAL your God in the place that [God] will choose. They shall not appear before GOD empty-handed,
but each with his own gift, according to the blessing that the ETERNAL your God has bestowed upon you.
You shall appoint magistrates and officials for your tribes, in all the settlements that the ETERNAL your God is giving you, and they shall govern the people with due justice.
You shall not judge unfairly: you shall show no partiality; you shall not take bribes, for bribes blind the eyes of the discerning and upset the plea of the just.
Justice, justice shall you pursue, that you may thrive and occupy the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you.
You shall not set up a sacred post^jsacred post See note at 7.5.—any kind of pole beside the altar of the ETERNAL your God that you may make—
or erect a stone pillar; for such the ETERNAL your God detests.
You shall not sacrifice to the ETERNAL your God an ox or a sheep that has any defect of a serious kind, for that is abhorrent to the ETERNAL your God.
If there is found among you, in one of the settlements that the ETERNAL your God is giving you, a man or woman who has affronted the ETERNAL your God and transgressed the covenant—
turning to the worship of other gods and bowing down to them, to the sun or the moon or any of the heavenly host, something I never commanded—
and you have been informed or have learned of it, then you shall make a thorough inquiry. If it is true, the fact is established, that abhorrent thing was perpetrated in Israel,
you shall take the man or the woman who did that wicked thing out to the public place, and you shall stone them, that man or woman, to death.—
A person shall be put to death only on the testimony of two or more^amore Lit. “three.” witnesses; no one shall be put to death on the testimony of a single witness.—
Let the hands of the witnesses be the first to put [the condemned] to death, followed by the hands of the rest of the people.^bthe rest of the people Lit. “the people”; cf. 1 Kings 21.11, 13. Thus you will sweep out evil from your midst.
If a case is too baffling for you to decide, be it a controversy over homicide, civil law, or assault—matters of dispute in your courts—you shall promptly repair to the place that the ETERNAL your God will have chosen,
and appear before the levitical priests, or the magistrate in charge at the time, and present your problem. When they have announced to you the verdict in the case,
you shall carry out the verdict that is announced to you from that place that GOD chose, observing scrupulously all their instructions to you.
You shall act in accordance with the instructions given you and the ruling handed down to you; you must not deviate from the verdict that they announce to you either to the right or to the left.
Should the [losing] party act presumptuously and disregard the priest charged with serving there the ETERNAL your God, or the magistrate, that person shall die. Thus you will sweep out evil from Israel:
all the people will hear and be afraid and will not act presumptuously again.
If, after you have entered the land that the ETERNAL your God has assigned to you, and taken possession of it and settled in it, you decide, “I will set a king over me, as do all the nations about me,”
you shall be free to set a king over yourself, one chosen by the ETERNAL your God. Be sure to set as king over yourself one of your own people; you must not set a foreigner over you, one who is not your fellow Israelite.^cfellow Israelite Lit. “brother.”
Moreover, he shall not keep many horses or send people back to Egypt to add to his horses, since GOD has warned you, “You must not go back that way again.”
And he shall not have many wives, lest his heart go astray; nor shall he amass silver and gold to excess.
When he is seated on his royal throne, he shall have a copy of this Teaching written for him on a scroll by^dby Nuance of Heb. milliphne uncertain. the levitical priests.
Let it remain with him and let him read in it all his life, so that he may learn to revere the ETERNAL his God, to observe faithfully every word of this Teaching as well as these laws.
Thus he will not act haughtily toward his fellows or deviate from the Instruction to the right or to the left, to the end that he and his descendants may reign long in the midst of Israel.
The levitical priests, the whole tribe of Levi, shall have no territorial portion with Israel. They shall live only off GOD’s offerings by fire as their^atheir Lit. “its,” i.e., the tribe’s. portion,
and shall have no portion among their brother tribes: GOD is their portion, as promised.
This, then, shall be the priests’ due from the people: Everyone who offers a sacrifice, whether an ox or a sheep, must give the shoulder, the cheeks, and the stomach to the priest.
You shall also give him the first fruits of your new grain and wine and oil, and the first shearing of your sheep.
For the ETERNAL your God has chosen him and his descendants, out of all your tribes, to be in attendance for service in the name of GOD for all time.
If a Levite would go, from any of the settlements throughout Israel where he has been residing, to the place that GOD has chosen, he may do so whenever he pleases.
He may serve in the name of the ETERNAL his God like all his fellow Levites who are there in attendance before GOD.
They shall receive equal shares of the dues, without regard to personal gifts or patrimonies.^bwithout regard to personal gifts or patrimonies Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
When you enter the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you, you shall not learn to imitate the abhorrent practices of those nations.
Let no one be found among you who consigns a son or daughter to the fire, or who is an augur, a soothsayer, a diviner, a sorcerer,
one who casts spells, or one who consults ghosts or familiar spirits, or one who inquires of the dead.
For anyone who does such things is abhorrent to GOD, and it is because of these abhorrent things that the ETERNAL your God is dispossessing them before you.
You must be wholehearted with the ETERNAL your God.
Those nations that you are about to dispossess do indeed resort to soothsayers and augurs; to you, however, the ETERNAL your God has not assigned the like.
From among your own people, the ETERNAL your God will raise up for you a prophet like myself—whom you shall heed.
This is just what you asked of the ETERNAL your God at Horeb, on the day of the Assembly, saying, “Let me not hear the voice of the ETERNAL my God any longer or see this wondrous fire anymore, lest I die.”
Whereupon GOD said to me, “They have done well in speaking thus.
I will raise up for them from among their own people a prophet like yourself, in whose mouth I will put My words and who will speak to them all that I command;
and anybody who fails to heed the words spoken in My name, I Myself will call to account.
But any prophet who presumes to speak in My name an oracle that I did not command to be uttered, or who speaks in the name of other gods—that prophet shall die.”
And should you ask yourselves, “How can we know that the oracle was not spoken by GOD?”—
if the prophet speaks in GOD’s name and the oracle does not come true, that oracle was not spoken by GOD; the prophet has uttered it presumptuously: do not stand in dread of them.
When the ETERNAL your God has cut down the nations whose land the ETERNAL your God is assigning to you, and you have dispossessed them and settled in their towns and homes,
you shall set aside three cities in the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you to possess.
You shall survey the distances, and divide into three parts the territory of the country that the ETERNAL your God has allotted to you, so that any manslayer may have a place to flee to.^aany manslayer … place to flee to I.e., regardless of the victim’s gender. As for a female culprit, the case may have been more complex.—
Now this is the case of the manslayer who may flee there and live: one who has slain another unwittingly, without having been an enemy in the past.
For instance, a man goes with another fellow into a grove to cut wood; as his hand swings the ax to cut down a tree, the ax-head flies off the handle and strikes the other so that he dies. That man shall flee to one of these cities and live.—
Otherwise, when the distance is great, the blood-avenger, pursuing the manslayer in hot anger, may overtake him and strike him down; yet he did not incur the death penalty, since he had never been the other’s enemy.
That is why I command you: set aside three cities.
And when the ETERNAL your God enlarges your territory, as was sworn to your fathers,^bfathers See note at 1.35. and gives you all the land that was promised to be given to your fathers—
if you faithfully observe all this Instruction that I enjoin upon you this day, to love the ETERNAL your God and to walk in God’s ways at all times—then you shall add three more towns to those three.
Thus blood of the innocent will not be shed, bringing bloodguilt upon you in the land that the ETERNAL your God is allotting to you.
If, however, [for instance,] a man who is the enemy of another lies in wait for him and sets upon him and strikes a fatal blow and then flees to one of these towns,
the elders of his town shall have him brought back from there and shall hand him over to the blood-avenger to be put to death;
you must show him no pity. Thus you will purge Israel of the blood of the innocent,^cpurge Israel of the blood of the innocent Cf. Num. 35.33–34. and it will go well with you.
You shall not move your neighbor’s landmarks, set up by previous generations, in the property that will be allotted to you in the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you to possess.
A single witness may not validate against another party any guilt or blame for any offense that may be committed; a case can be valid only on the testimony of two witnesses or more.^dmore See note at 17.6.
If someone appears against another party to testify maliciously and gives incriminating yet false testimony,
the two parties to the dispute shall appear before GOD, before the priests or magistrates in authority at the time,
and the magistrates shall make a thorough investigation. If the one who testified is a false witness, having testified falsely against a fellow Israelite,
you shall do to the one as the one schemed to do to the other. Thus you will sweep out evil from your midst;
others will hear and be afraid, and such evil things will not again be done in your midst.
Nor must you show pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
When you^ayou Addressing the militia, as acting on the nation’s behalf. take the field against your enemies, and see horses and chariots—forces larger than yours—have no fear of them, for the ETERNAL your God, who brought you from the land of Egypt, is with you.
Before you join battle, the priest shall come forward and address the troops.
He shall say to them, “Hear, O Israel! You are about to join battle with your enemy. Let not your courage falter. Do not be in fear, or in panic, or in dread of them.
For it is the ETERNAL your God who marches with you to do battle for you against your enemy, to bring you victory.”
Then the officials shall address the troops, as follows: “Is there anyone who has built a new house but has not dedicated it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another dedicate it.
Is there anyone who has planted a vineyard but has never harvested it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another harvest it.
Is there anyone who has paid the bride-price for a wife,^bpaid the bride-price for a wife Thereby making her his wife legally, even though she has not yet moved in. but who has not yet taken her [into his household]? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another take her to wife.”
The officials shall go on addressing the troops and say, “Is there anyone afraid and disheartened? Let him go back to his home, lest the courage of his comrades flag like his.”
When the officials have finished addressing the troops, army commanders shall assume command of the troops.
When you approach a town to attack it, you shall offer it terms of peace.^coffer it terms of peace Or “call on it to surrender.”
If it responds peaceably and lets you in, all the people present there shall serve you at forced labor.
If it does not surrender to you, but would join battle with you, you shall lay siege to it;
and when the ETERNAL your God delivers it into your hand, you shall put all its males to the sword.
You may, however, take as your booty the women, the children, the livestock, and everything in the town—all its spoil—and enjoy the use of the spoil of your enemy, which the ETERNAL your God gives you.
Thus you shall deal with all towns that lie very far from you, towns that do not belong to nations hereabout.
In the towns of the latter peoples, however, which the ETERNAL your God is giving you as a heritage, you shall not let a soul remain alive.
No, you must proscribe^dproscribe See Lev. 27.29. them—the Hittites and the Amorites, the Canaanites and the Perizzites, the Hivites and the Jebusites—as the ETERNAL your God has commanded you,
lest they lead you into doing all the abhorrent things that they have done for their gods and you stand guilty before the ETERNAL your God.
When in your war against a city you have to besiege it a long time in order to capture it, you must not destroy its trees, wielding the ax against them. You may eat of them, but you must not cut them down. Are trees of the field human to withdraw before you into the besieged city?
Only trees that you know do not yield food may be destroyed; you may cut them down for constructing siegeworks against the city that is waging war on you, until it has been reduced.
If, in the land that the ETERNAL your God is assigning you to possess, someone slain is found lying in the open, the identity of the slayer not being known,
your elders and magistrates shall go out and measure the distances from the corpse to the nearby towns.
The elders of the town nearest to the corpse shall then take a heifer that has never been worked, which has never pulled in a yoke;
and the elders of that town shall bring the heifer down to an everflowing wadi, which is not tilled or sown. There, in the wadi, they shall break the heifer’s neck.
The priests, sons of Levi, shall come forward; for the ETERNAL your God has chosen them for divine service and to pronounce blessing in the name of GOD, and every lawsuit and case of assault^aassault Cf. 17.8. Or “skin affection”; cf. 24.8. is subject to their ruling.
Then all the elders of the town nearest to the corpse shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the wadi.
And they shall make this declaration: “Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did our eyes see it done.
Absolve, O ETERNAL One, Your people Israel whom You redeemed, and do not let guilt for the blood of the innocent remain among Your people Israel.” And they will be absolved of bloodguilt.
Thus you will remove from your midst guilt for the blood of the innocent, for you will be doing what is right in GOD’s sight.
When you^byou See note at 20.1. take the field against your enemies, and the ETERNAL your God delivers them into your power and you take some of them captive,
and you see among the captives a beautiful woman and you desire her and would take her to wife;
and you bring her into your household, and she trims her hair, pares her nails,
and discards her captive’s garb; and she spends a month’s time in your household lamenting her father and mother: after that you may come to her and thus become her husband, and she shall be your wife.
Then, should you no longer want her, you must release her outright. You must not sell her for money: since you had your will of her, you must not enslave her.
If a man has two wives, one loved and the other unloved, and both the loved and the unloved have borne him sons, but the first-born is the son of the unloved one—
when he wills his property to his sons, he may not treat as first-born the son of the loved one in disregard of the son of the unloved one who is older.
Instead, he must accept the first-born, the son of the unloved one, and allot to him a double portion^cdouble portion Lit. two-thirds. of all he possesses; since he is the first fruit of his vigor, the birthright is his due.
If a man has a wayward and defiant son, who does not heed his father or mother and does not obey them even after they discipline him,
his father and mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to the elders of his town at the public place of his community.
They shall say to the elders of his town, “This son of ours is disloyal and defiant; he does not heed us. He is a glutton and a drunkard.”
Thereupon the people of his town^dthe people of his town Cf. 1 Kings 21.11. shall stone him to death. Thus you will sweep out evil from your midst: all Israel will hear and be afraid.
If someone is guilty of a capital offense and is put to death, and you impale the body on a stake,
you must not let the corpse remain on the stake overnight, but must bury it the same day. For an impaled body is an affront to God: you shall not defile the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you to possess.